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Ítem Assessing Peru’s Land Monitoring System Contributions towards Fulfilment of Its International Environmental Commitments(MDPI AG, 2024-02-08) Tatiana Erika Boza Espinoza; Norma Salinas; Eric G. Cosio; Richard Tito; Alex Nina-Quispe; Rosa María Roman-CuestaLand use change (LUC) is recognized as one of the major drivers of the global loss of biodiversity and represents a major threat to ecosystems. Deforestation through LUC is mainly driven by fire regimes, logging, farming (cropping and ranching), and illegal mining, which are closely linked with environmental management policies. Efficient land management strategies, however, require reliable and robust information. Land monitoring is one such approach that can provide critical information to coordinate policymaking at the global, regional, and local scales, and enable a programmed implementation of shared commitments under the Rio Conventions: the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Here we use Peru as a case study to evaluate how a land monitoring system enables environmental policy decisions which appear in the country’s international commitment reports. Specifically, we synthesize how effective the ongoing land monitoring system has been in responding to current and future environmental challenges; and how improvements in land monitoring can assist in the achievement of national commitments under the Rio Conventions. We find that Peruvian policies and commitments need to be improved to be consistent with the 1.5 °C temperature limit of the Paris agreement. Regarding the Aichi targets, Peru has achieved 17% land area with sustainable management; however, the funding deficit is a great challenge. Even though Peru commits to reducing GHG emissions by reducing LUC and improving agricultural and land use forestry practices, it needs policy improvements in relation to land tenure, governance, and equity. Potential explanations for the observed shortcomings include the fragmentation and duplication of government roles across sectors at both a national and regional scale.Ítem Future changes of precipitation types in the Peruvian Andes(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024-09-30) Valeria Llactayo; Jairo Valdivia; Christian Yarleque; Stephany Callañaupa; Elver Villalobos-Puma; David Guizado; Robert Alvarado-LugoIn high-altitude regions, such as the Peruvian Andes, understanding the transformation of precipitation types under climate change is critical to the sustainability of water resources and the survival of glaciers. In this study, we investigate the distribution and types of precipitation on a tropical glacier in the Peruvian Central Andes. We utilized data from an optical-laser disdrometer and compact weather station installed at 4709 m ASL, combined with future climate scenarios from the CMIP6 project, to model potential future changes in precipitation types. Our findings highlight that increasing temperatures could lead to significant reductions in solid-phase precipitation, including snow, graupel and hail, with implications for the mass balance of Andean glaciers. For instance, a 2 °C rise might result in less than 10% of precipitation as solid, in regard to the present day, transforming the hydrological processes of the region. The two future climate scenarios from the CMIP6 project, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, offer a broad perspective on potential climate outcomes that could impact precipitation patterns in the Andes. Our study underscores the need to revisit and expand our understanding of high-altitude precipitation in the face of climate change, paving the way for improved water resource management strategies and sustainable glacier preservation efforts in these fragile ecosystems.Ítem Translocation and Experimental Adaptation of Distichia muscoides Cushions in a Wetland Impacted by Acid Rock Drainage, Ancash, Peru(Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias - UNCuyo-, 0027-03-26) Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña; Maria Cristina Otoya Fernández; Yeidy Montano; Marilín Sánchez-Purihuamán; Pedro M. Tapia; Junior Caro-Castro; Carmen Carreño-FarfánLa desglaciación de la cordillera de los Andes afecta negativamente a los ecosistemas y los cuerpos de agua, principalmente al incrementar la concentración de metales pesados. Sin embargo, estas concentraciones pueden reducirse mediante la aplicación de técnicas de biorremediación. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la translocación y adaptación de cojines de Distichia muscoides en un bofedal ubicado en la unidad hidrográfica Pachacoto, distrito Catac, provincia de Recuay, departamento de Áncash Perú, que se encuentra afectado por drenaje ácido de roca en una región altoandina. Para ello, se compararon las características del agua, la turba y los tejidos de D. muscoides en dos bofedales, y se evaluó el comportamiento de los cojines translocados a partir de los factores de bioacumulación y de translocación de metales. La cuantificación de aluminio, hierro y manganeso en la turba, las raíces y el tejido aéreo de D. muscoides mostró mayores concentraciones tras la translocación de los cojines. Además, el factor de bioacumulación clasificó a los cojines trasplantados como acumuladores de aluminio, cobre, arsénico, hierro, manganeso y zinc, mientras que el factor de translocación los clasificó como fitoextractores de aluminio, arsénico, cromo, hierro, manganeso y zinc, y como fitoestabilizadores de plomo y cobre. Se concluye que los cojines de Disticha muscoides translocados y adaptados presentan un alto potencial para la biorremediación de bofedales impactados por drenaje ácido de roca.