Artículos Científicos
URI permanente para esta colección
Examinar
Envíos recientes
Ítem Atmospheric black carbon observations and its valley-mountain dynamics: Eastern cordillera of the central Andes of Peru(Elsevier BV, 2024-08) Elver Villalobos-Puma; Luis Suarez; Stefania Gillardoni; Ricardo Zubieta; Daniel Martinez-Castro; Andrea Miranda-Corzo; Paolo Bonasoni; Yamina SilvaGlacial bodies in the Peruvian Andes Mountains store and supply freshwater to hundreds of thousands of people in central Peru. Atmospheric black carbon (BC) is known to accelerate melting of snow and ice, in addition to contributing to air pollution and the health of people. Currently there is limited understanding on the sources and temporal variability of BC in valley and mountain environments in Peru. To address this problem, this study combined surface observations of BC collected during 2022–2023 with WRF model simulations and HYSPLIT trajectories to analyze the dispersion and sources of BC in valley and high elevation environments and the associated local atmospheric circulations. Results show high BC concentrations are associated with the valley-mountain wind system that occurs on both sides of the Huaytapallana mountain range. A pronounced circulation occurs on the western slopes of Huaytapallana when concentrations of BC increase during daylight hours, which transports atmospheric pollutants from cities in the Mantaro River Valley to the Huaytapallana mountain range. Low concentrations of BC are associated with circulations from the east that are channeled by the pronounced ravines of the Andes-Amazon transition. On average, during the season of highest BC concentrations (July–November), the relative contributions of fossil fuels are dominant to biomass burning at the valley observatory and are slightly lower at the Huaytapallana observatory. These results demonstrate the need to promote mitigation actions to reduce emissions of BC and air pollution associated with forest fires and local anthropogenic activity.Ítem Landsystem analysis of a tropical moraine‐dammed supraglacial lake, Llaca Lake, Cordillera Blanca, Perú(Wiley, 2023-02-02) Rodrigo Alberto Narro Pérez; Carolyn H. Eyles; Rebecca E. Lee; Luzmila Dàvila Röller; John C. MaclachlanTropical glaciers of the Cordillera Blanca, Perú are rapidly thinning and retreating as a result of climate warming. The retreat of these glaciers along narrow linear bedrock valleys has increased the number and size of moraine‐dammed glacial lakes formed in the valleys. This study aims to identify the geomorphological and sedimentological characteristics of an enlarging moraine‐dammed supraglacial lake (Llaca Lake) in the Cordillera Blanca. Field‐based sedimentological observations and geomorphological mapping were combined with remotely sensed data and a photogrammetric model derived from aerial surveys by an uncrewed aerial vehicle to identify landform‐sediment assemblages. The geomorphological and sedimentological characteristics of Llaca Lake are synthesized into three landsystem zones: Zone 1: distal portions of Llaca Lake and the latero‐frontal moraine; Zone 2: the central zone of ice‐cored hummocks; and Zone 3: the active glacier margin. These zones are differentiated based on the spatial distribution of landforms, sediments, and active geomorphological processes. This is the first study to describe the landform‐sediment assemblages in a tropical moraine‐dammed supraglacial lake system and provides a framework for further landsystem element analysis of these growing supraglacial lakes in rapidly deglaciating high‐altitude environments.Ítem Characteristics of cloud properties over South America and over Andes observed using CloudSat and reanalysis data(International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2023-04-11) Shailendra Kumar; Jose Luis Flores; Aldo S. Moya-Álvarez; Daniel Martinez-Castro; Yamina SilvaCloudSat profile of attenuated corrected radar reflectivity (Ze) and cloud mask data are used to investigate the cloud properties over South America (SA) during Austral Summer monsoon seasons. Deep convective core (DCC), deep & intense convective systems (DCSs & ICSs), and cloud clusters (CCs) are defined based on the Ze and cloud mask values. The spatial distributions of DCCs show that land-dominated areas have higher frequency of DCCs and Atlantic Ocean has less DCCs. The Pacific Ocean does not consist of DCCs, whereas eastern flank of Andes has higher frequency of DCCs compared to western flank of the Andes. North La Plata basin (Sierra de Cordoba) has a higher fraction of deeper (shallower) DCCs. Deep convection over the Sierra de Cordoba and South La Plata Basin is characterized by precipitation-size particles compared to cloud-size particles, whereas deep convection over north La Plata Basin is dominated by mostly cloud-size particles. The horizontal span of DCSs and ICSs is higher over south La Plata Basin and Atlantic Oceans compared to other SA areas. Sierra de Cordoba (Atlantic Ocean) has the highest (lowest) frequency of small DCSs and vice versa. DCSs and ICSs show the opposite characteristic, as all the selected areas consist of a higher fraction of large (small) sized DCSs (ICSs). CCs develop more in horizontal than in vertical direction over the high latitude and vice versa over lower latitude. The CCs distribution reflects the orography and moisture flow pattern at the east and west side of Andes. The higher Ze, which is the proxy for rainfall, occurs at the eastern flank/slope of the Andes, and related to easterly moisture loaded synoptic flow, transported from Amazon and upslope flow along the slope.Ítem Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Black Carbon in Peru from the Analysis of Biomass Burning Sources and the Use of Numerical Models(2023-04-08) Moya-Álvarez, Aldo S.; Estevan, René; Martínez-Castro, Daniel; Silva, YaminaEste estudio evalúa la distribución espacial y temporal del carbono negro (Black Carbon, BC) proveniente de la quema de biomasa en el Perú y países vecinos durante el periodo 2018–2020, con especial énfasis en el año 2019. Mediante simulaciones del modelo WRF-CHEM y análisis de trayectorias con el modelo HYSPLIT, se identificaron los glaciares más afectados por la deposición de BC, especialmente el glaciar Huaytapallana. Los resultados muestran un aumento significativo de incendios en el Perú a partir de julio, con picos entre agosto y septiembre, coincidiendo con mayores concentraciones de BC en la atmósfera. Se observó una fuerte correlación entre el número de focos de quema y la Profundidad Óptica de Aerosoles (AOD) registrada en el observatorio de Huancayo. Ucayali fue la región con mayor número de focos, mientras que las mayores emisiones se originaron en el sur de Loreto. El modelo mostró que el transporte de BC se produce predominantemente de norte a sur, afectando principalmente a las cordilleras de Huaytapallana, Huagoruncho y Vilcabamba, mientras que la Cordillera Blanca presentó concentraciones menores. Este análisis permite comprender mejor el impacto de las emisiones de BC en los ecosistemas glaciares del país.Ítem 700,000 years of tropical Andean glaciation(Nature, 2022-07-13) Rodbell, D. T.; Hatfield, R. G.; Abbott, M. B.; Tapia, P. M.Este estudio proporciona un registro continuo e independiente de glaciaciones tropicales en los Andes, basado en un núcleo de pistón extraído del lago Junín, ubicado en la cuenca superior del Amazonas. El núcleo abarca un periodo de 700,000 años y ofrece una visión única de los ciclos glaciales e interglaciales tropicales. Los hallazgos revelan que los glaciares tropicales en los Andes respondieron de manera sincronizada a los cambios en el volumen de hielo global, siguiendo una periodicidad de aproximadamente 100,000 años, similar a la observada en otras regiones del planeta. Este registro continuo ofrece nuevos insights sobre las teleconexiones climáticas que han impulsado los ciclos de glaciación en los trópicos, proporcionando una base valiosa para comparaciones interhemisféricas más detalladas y para la comprensión de los patrones climáticos a largo plazo en la región andina.Ítem Contemporary glacial lakes in the Peruvian Andes(World Wide, 2021-07) J.L.Wood; S. Harrison; A.Emmer; C.Yarleque; F.Glassere; J.C.Torres; A.Caballero; J.Araujo; G.L.Bennetta; A.Diaz-Moreno; D.Garay; H.Jara; C.Pomag; J.M.Reynolds; C.A.Riveros; E.Romerod; S.Shannoni; T.Tinoco; E.Turpo; H.VillafaneGlacier recession in response to climate warming has resulted in an increase in the size and number of glacial lakes. Glacial lakes are an important focus for research as they impact water resources, glacier mass balance, and some produce catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). Glaciers in Peru have retreated and thinned in recent decades, prompting the need for monitoring of ice- and water-bodies across the cordilleras. These monitoring efforts have been greatly facilitated by the availability of satellite imagery. However, knowledge gaps remain, particularly in relation to the formation, temporal evolution, and catastrophic drainage of glacial lakes. In this paper we address this gap by producing the most current and detailed glacial lake inventory in Peru and provide a set of reproducible methods that can be applied consistently for different time periods, and for other mountainous regions. The new lake inventory presented includes a total of 4557 glacial lakes covering a total area of 328.85 km2. In addition to detailing lake distribution and extent, the inventory includes other metrics, such as dam type and volume, which are important for GLOF hazard assessments. Analysis of these metrics showed that the majority of glacial lakes are detached from current glaciers (97%) and are classified as either embedded (i.e. bedrock dammed; ~64% of all lakes) or (moraine) dammed (~28% of all lakes) lakes. We also found that lake size varies with dam type; with dammed lakes tending to have larger areas than embedded lakes. The inventory presented provides an unparalleled view of the current state of glacial lakes in Peru and represents an important first step towards (1) improved understanding of glacial lakes and their topographic and morphological characteristics and (2) assessing risk associated with GLOFs. Keywords: Hazard; Glacier; Lake; GLOF; Climate; Method