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Ítem Assessment of Human Health Risk Indices Due to Metal Contamination in the Surface Water of the Negro River Sub-Basin, Áncash(MDPI AG, 2024-06-05) Walter Bravo-Zevallos; Yadira Fernández-Jerí; Juan C. Torres-Lázaro; Karol Zuñiga-BardalesThe accelerated loss of glacial cover in the Cordillera Blanca in Áncash, Peru, exposes the underlying rocks with high concentrations of sulfides from the Chicama Formation to oxidation and leaching processes, generating acid rock drainage (ARD) in glacial and periglacial areas. These are transported by surface runoff, contaminating the surface water with high concentrations of metals and sulfates, as well as increasing the acidity, which poses a risk to human health and the ecosystem. Therefore, the risk indices for human health due to metal contamination were evaluated at 19 surface water sampling points distributed in the Río Negro sub-basin. Hydrochemical analyses revealed average metal concentrations in the following order: Fe (28.597 mg/L), Al (3.832 mg/L), Mn (1.085 mg/L), Zn (0.234 mg/L), Ni (0.085 mg/L), Co (0.053 mg/L), Li (0.036 mg/L), Cu (0.005 mg/L), and Pb (0.002 mg/L). The risk was determined by calculating the Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) and the Hazard Index (HI). The average HPI value was 360.959, indicating a high level of contamination (HPI ≥ 150). The human health risk assessment indicated that adverse effects caused by iron, lithium, and cobalt in children and adults should be considered. Through the use of Pearson correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis, it was identified that SO42−, Fe, S, Al, Co, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Li originate from natural sources, associated with the generation of ARD in glacial and periglacial areas.Ítem Landslide hazard assessment and risk reduction in the rural community of Rampac Grande, Cordillera Negra, Peru(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2023-12-22) Jan Klimeš; Jan Novotný; Jan Balek; Ana Marlene Rosario; Juan C. Torres-Lázaro; Roque Vargas; Darwing López; Yeny Obispo; Edgardo Roldán-Minaya; Adriana Caballero; Harrinson W. Jara; Hilbert Villafane; Enver MelgarejoThis article describes the landslide risk assessment of the Rampac Grande rural community in the Peruvian Andes, where an unexpectedly fast-moving landslide claimed fatalities in 2009. The study site represents a socially, culturally, and geologically challenging environment that limits applicable technical solutions for landslide risk reduction and demands a high level of community participation in all risk reduction steps. The performed landslide surface movement monitoring and slope stability calculations showed that the studied slopes are very close to failure. Therefore, the detailed hazard assessment was combined with field investigations of household vulnerabilities to perform a qualitative risk assessment in the zone around the 2009 catastrophic landslide. Results show that the high vulnerability, rather than the very high hazard, is responsible for assigning houses to the high-risk classes and education or improvement of the households’ income is key for further risk reduction. This underlines the importance of vulnerability reduction through the collaboration of the community members with external actors (e.g., Peruvian experts), which was interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. The context of the performed landslide risk assessment provides a summary of the 12-year-long involvement of different actors in the landslide risk reduction effort and the evaluation of the effectiveness of the previously adopted mitigation measures. It suggests that the community perspective on the mitigation measures and its risk perception changes determine the long-term risk reduction outcomes.